A study led by researchers at the University of Liège and their European partners reveals the mechanism by which surfactin, a molecule produced by beneficial soil bacteria, activates plants’ immune defences. This mechanism, distinct from the classical paradigm of immune recognition, relies on direct interaction with the plant cell membrane. This discovery opens up prospects for the development of next-generation biopesticides.
Plants are not defenceless against pathogens. Certain soil bacteria, far from being mere inhabitants of the roots, send chemical signals to plants that prepare them to resist pathogens. An international research consortium, led by researchers from Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, has just elucidated the molecular mechanism behind this immunisation. This study shows that surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide (1) produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus, acts not via a protein receptor, but by interacting directly with the lipids in the plant cell membrane. "Plants have sophisticated defence mechanisms against disease," explains Marc Ongena, FNRS Research Director at the Terra Research Centre. "Among these, immunity induced by beneficial soil microorganisms is attracting growing interest, both in fundamental and applied research." "We already knew that certain rhizosphere bacteria, particularly those of the genus Bacillus, produce cyclic lipopeptides capable of stimulating plant defences. But how these molecules were recognised by plant cells remained poorly understood until now."
The researchers focused on surfactin - one of these lipopeptides - and its interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant commonly used in plant biology. Using a transdisciplinary approach combining cell biology, biochemistry and biophysics, they demonstrated that surfactin binds to sphingolipids(2) - and more specifically to glucosylceramide (3), present in the root cell membrane. “This interaction causes a slight remodelling of the membrane, increasing its tension, which activates mechanosensitive ion channels,” explains Magali Deleu, FNRS Senior Research Associate. This triggers a signalling cascade that spreads from the roots to the leaves and prepares the plant to better resist pathogens, including the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mould (4).
This mechanism differs from the classical paradigm of plant innate immunity, in which the recognition of foreign molecules usually involves membrane protein receptors. Here, it is the physical modification of the membrane itself - rather than a lock-and-key interaction with a receptor protein - that acts as the triggering signal. This finding sheds new light on how plants can perceive their microbial environment and distinguish between beneficial bacteria and true pathogens.
In practical terms, this research forms part of efforts to develop a new generation of biopesticides. By understanding precisely how these bacteria or their molecules activate plant immunity, it becomes possible to envisage more targeted and effective crop protection strategies, partially replacing chemical inputs. These results thus provide a solid scientific basis for guiding the rational development of bio-based products for use in sustainable agriculture.
This study illustrates the value of interdisciplinary basic research in shedding light on concrete agronomic challenges. By deciphering the chemical dialogue between soil bacteria and host plants at the molecular level, the teams at the University of Liège and their partners are opening up new avenues for better exploiting the natural alliances that exist between microorganisms and plants, to the benefit of an agriculture less dependent on synthetic products.
Gilliard, G., Pršić, J., Crowet, JM. et al. Membrane remodelling mediates lipopeptide-induced immunity in Arabidopsis. Nat. Plants (2026).
doi.org/10.1038/s41477-026-02270-3
(1) A cyclic lipopeptide is a small molecule produced by bacteria, consisting of a chain of amino acids closed upon itself in a ring (hence ‘cyclic’) and linked to a fatty acid chain (hence ‘lipo-’). This structure gives it properties that are both hydrophilic (affinity for water) and hydrophobic (affinity for fatty environments). Thanks to this amphiphilic nature, the molecule can interact with and insert itself into cell membranes.
(2) Sphingolipids are a family of lipids found in the cell membranes of most living organisms. They play an important structural role by contributing to the organisation and rigidity of the membrane, and are also involved in various cellular signalling functions.
(3) Glucosylceramide is a specific sphingolipid, consisting of a ceramide (a fatty molecule) to which a sugar, glucose, is attached. In plants, it is abundant in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and plays a key role in maintaining membrane integrity. It is this molecule that surfactin preferentially recognises in order to anchor itself in the plant membrane.
(4) Grey mould is a fungal disease of plants caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. It affects a very large number of cultivated species such as vines, strawberries, tomatoes and lettuce, and manifests as rapid tissue rot accompanied by a characteristic greyish mould. It is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases in agriculture and horticulture.
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